(a) Short title

This Act may be cited as the Carried Interest Fairness Act of 2025.

(b) Amendment of 1986 Code

Except as otherwise expressly provided, whenever in this Act an amendment or repeal is expressed in terms of an amendment to, or repeal of, a section or other provision, the reference shall be considered to be made to a section or other provision of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.

(c) Table of contents

The table of contents for this Act is as follows:

(a) Modification to election To include partnership interest in gross income in year of transfer

Subsection (c) of section 83 is amended by redesignating paragraph (4) as paragraph (5) and by inserting after paragraph (3) the following new paragraph:

(4) Partnership interests

Except as provided by the Secretary—

(A) In general

In the case of any transfer of an interest in a partnership in connection with the provision of services to (or for the benefit of) such partnership—

(i)

the fair market value of such interest shall be treated for purposes of this section as being equal to the amount of the distribution which the partner would receive if the partnership sold (at the time of the transfer) all of its assets at fair market value and distributed the proceeds of such sale (reduced by the liabilities of the partnership) to its partners in liquidation of the partnership, and

(ii)

the person receiving such interest shall be treated as having made the election under subsection (b)(1) unless such person makes an election under this paragraph to have such subsection not apply.

(B) Election

The election under subparagraph (A)(ii) shall be made under rules similar to the rules of subsection (b)(2).

(b) Effective date

The amendments made by this section shall apply to interests in partnerships transferred after the date of the enactment of this Act.

(a) In general

Part I of subchapter K of chapter 1 is amended by adding at the end the following new section:

710. Special rules for partners providing investment management services to partnerships

(a) Treatment of distributive share of partnership items

For purposes of this title, in the case of an investment services partnership interest—

(1) In general

Notwithstanding section 702(b)—

(A)

an amount equal to the net capital gain with respect to such interest for any partnership taxable year shall be treated as ordinary income, and

(B)

subject to the limitation of paragraph (2), an amount equal to the net capital loss with respect to such interest for any partnership taxable year shall be treated as an ordinary loss.

(2) Recharacterization of losses limited to recharacterized gains

The amount treated as ordinary loss under paragraph (1)(B) for any taxable year shall not exceed the excess (if any) of—

(A)

the aggregate amount treated as ordinary income under paragraph (1)(A) with respect to the investment services partnership interest for all preceding partnership taxable years to which this section applies, over

(B)

the aggregate amount treated as ordinary loss under paragraph (1)(B) with respect to such interest for all preceding partnership taxable years to which this section applies.

(3) Allocation to items of gain and loss

(A) Net capital gain

The amount treated as ordinary income under paragraph (1)(A) shall be allocated ratably among the items of long-term capital gain taken into account in determining such net capital gain.

(B) Net capital loss

The amount treated as ordinary loss under paragraph (1)(B) shall be allocated ratably among the items of long-term capital loss and short-term capital loss taken into account in determining such net capital loss.

(4) Terms relating to capital gains and losses

For purposes of this section—

(A) In general

Net capital gain, long-term capital gain, and long-term capital loss, with respect to any investment services partnership interest for any taxable year, shall be determined under section 1222, except that such section shall be applied—

(i)

without regard to the recharacterization of any item as ordinary income or ordinary loss under this section,

(ii)

by only taking into account items of gain and loss taken into account by the holder of such interest under section 702 (other than subsection (a)(9) thereof) with respect to such interest for such taxable year, and

(iii)

by treating property which is taken into account in determining gains and losses to which section 1231 applies as capital assets held for more than 1 year.

(B) Net capital loss

The term net capital loss means the excess of the losses from sales or exchanges of capital assets over the gains from such sales or exchanges. Rules similar to the rules of clauses (i) through (iii) of subparagraph (A) shall apply for purposes of the preceding sentence.

(5) Special rule for dividends

Any dividend allocated with respect to any investment services partnership interest shall not be treated as qualified dividend income for purposes of section 1(h).

(6) Special rule for qualified small business stock

Section 1202 shall not apply to any gain from the sale or exchange of qualified small business stock (as defined in section 1202(c)) allocated with respect to any investment services partnership interest.

(b) Dispositions of partnership interests

(1) Gain

(A) In general

Any gain on the disposition of an investment services partnership interest shall be—

(i)

treated as ordinary income, and

(ii)

recognized notwithstanding any other provision of this subtitle.

(B) Gift and transfers at death

In the case of a disposition of an investment services partnership interest by gift or by reason of death of the taxpayer—

(i)

subparagraph (A) shall not apply,

(ii)

such interest shall be treated as an investment services partnership interest in the hands of the person acquiring such interest, and

(iii)

any amount that would have been treated as ordinary income under this subsection had the decedent sold such interest immediately before death shall be treated as an item of income in respect of a decedent under section 691.

(2) Loss

Any loss on the disposition of an investment services partnership interest shall be treated as an ordinary loss to the extent of the excess (if any) of—

(A)

the aggregate amount treated as ordinary income under subsection (a) with respect to such interest for all partnership taxable years to which this section applies, over

(B)

the aggregate amount treated as ordinary loss under subsection (a) with respect to such interest for all partnership taxable years to which this section applies.

(3) Election with respect to certain exchanges

Paragraph (1)(A)(ii) shall not apply to the contribution of an investment services partnership interest to a partnership in exchange for an interest in such partnership if—

(A)

the taxpayer makes an irrevocable election to treat the partnership interest received in the exchange as an investment services partnership interest, and

(B)

the taxpayer agrees to comply with such reporting and recordkeeping requirements as the Secretary may prescribe.

(4) Distributions of partnership property

(A) In general

In the case of any distribution of property by a partnership with respect to any investment services partnership interest held by a partner, the partner receiving such property shall recognize gain equal to the excess (if any) of—

(i)

the fair market value of such property at the time of such distribution, over

(ii)

the adjusted basis of such property in the hands of such partner (determined without regard to subparagraph (C)).

(B) Treatment of gain as ordinary income

Any gain recognized by such partner under subparagraph (A) shall be treated as ordinary income to the same extent and in the same manner as the increase in such partner’s distributive share of the taxable income of the partnership would be treated under subsection (a) if, immediately prior to the distribution, the partnership had sold the distributed property at fair market value and all of the gain from such disposition were allocated to such partner. For purposes of applying subsection (a)(2), any gain treated as ordinary income under this subparagraph shall be treated as an amount treated as ordinary income under subsection (a)(1)(A).

(C) Adjustment of basis

In the case a distribution to which subparagraph (A) applies, the basis of the distributed property in the hands of the distributee partner shall be the fair market value of such property.

(D) Special rules with respect to mergers and divisions

In the case of a taxpayer which satisfies requirements similar to the requirements of subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (3), this paragraph and paragraph (1)(A)(ii) shall not apply to the distribution of a partnership interest if such distribution is in connection with a contribution (or deemed contribution) of any property of the partnership to which section 721 applies pursuant to a transaction described in section 708(b)(2).

(c) Investment services partnership interest

For purposes of this section—

(1) In general

The term investment services partnership interest means any interest in an investment partnership acquired or held by any person in connection with the conduct of a trade or business described in paragraph (2) by such person (or any person related to such person). An interest in an investment partnership held by any person—

(A)

shall not be treated as an investment services partnership interest for any period before the first date on which it is so held in connection with such a trade or business,

(B)

shall not cease to be an investment services partnership interest merely because such person holds such interest other than in connection with such a trade or business, and

(C)

shall be treated as an investment services partnership interest if acquired from a related person in whose hands such interest was an investment services partnership interest.

(2) Businesses to which this section applies

A trade or business is described in this paragraph if such trade or business primarily involves the performance of any of the following services with respect to assets held (directly or indirectly) by one or more investment partnerships referred to in paragraph (1):

(A)

Advising as to the advisability of investing in, purchasing, or selling any specified asset.

(B)

Managing, acquiring, or disposing of any specified asset.

(C)

Arranging financing with respect to acquiring specified assets.

(D)

Any activity in support of any service described in subparagraphs (A) through (C).

(3) Investment partnership

(A) In general

The term investment partnership means any partnership if, at the end of any two consecutive calendar quarters ending after the date of enactment of this section—

(i)

substantially all of the assets of the partnership are specified assets (determined without regard to any section 197 intangible within the meaning of section 197(d)), and

(ii)

less than 75 percent of the capital of the partnership is attributable to qualified capital interests which constitute property held in connection with a trade or business of the owner of such interest.

(B) Look-through of certain wholly owned entities for purposes of determining assets of the partnership

(i) In general

For purposes of determining the assets of a partnership under subparagraph (A)(i)—

(I)

any interest in a specified entity shall not be treated as an asset of such partnership, and

(II)

such partnership shall be treated as holding its proportionate share of each of the assets of such specified entity.

(ii) Specified entity

For purposes of clause (i), the term specified entity means, with respect to any partnership (hereafter referred to as the upper-tier partnership), any person which engages in the same trade or business as the upper-tier partnership and is—

(I)

a partnership all of the capital and profits interests of which are held directly or indirectly by the upper-tier partnership, or

(II)

a foreign corporation which does not engage in a trade or business in the United States and all of the stock of which is held directly or indirectly by the upper-tier partnership.

(C) Special rules for determining if property held in connection with trade or business

(i) In general

Except as otherwise provided by the Secretary, solely for purposes of determining whether any interest in a partnership constitutes property held in connection with a trade or business under subparagraph (A)(ii)—

(I)

a trade or business of any person closely related to the owner of such interest shall be treated as a trade or business of such owner,

(II)

such interest shall be treated as held by a person in connection with a trade or business during any taxable year if such interest was so held by such person during any 3 taxable years preceding such taxable year, and

(III)

paragraph (5)(B) shall not apply.

(ii) Closely related persons

For purposes of clause (i)(I), a person shall be treated as closely related to another person if, taking into account the rules of section 267(c), the relationship between such persons is described in—

(I)

paragraph (1) or (9) of section 267(b), or

(II)

section 267(b)(4), but solely in the case of a trust with respect to which each current beneficiary is the grantor or a person whose relationship to the grantor is described in paragraph (1) or (9) of section 267(b).

(D) Antiabuse rules

The Secretary may issue regulations or other guidance which prevent the avoidance of the purposes of subparagraph (A), including regulations or other guidance which treat convertible and contingent debt (and other debt having the attributes of equity) as a capital interest in the partnership.

(E) Controlled groups of entities

(i) In general

In the case of a controlled group of entities, if an interest in the partnership received in exchange for a contribution to the capital of the partnership by any member of such controlled group would (in the hands of such member) constitute property held in connection with a trade or business, then any interest in such partnership held by any member of such group shall be treated for purposes of subparagraph (A) as constituting (in the hands of such member) property held in connection with a trade or business.

(ii) Controlled group of entities

For purposes of clause (i), the term controlled group of entities means a controlled group of corporations as defined in section 1563(a)(1), applied without regard to subsections (a)(4) and (b)(2) of section 1563. A partnership or any other entity (other than a corporation) shall be treated as a member of a controlled group of entities if such entity is controlled (within the meaning of section 954(d)(3)) by members of such group (including any entity treated as a member of such group by reason of this sentence).

(F) Special rule for corporations

For purposes of this paragraph, in the case of a corporation, the determination of whether property is held in connection with a trade or business shall be determined as if the taxpayer were an individual.

(4) Specified asset

The term specified asset means securities (as defined in section 475(c)(2) without regard to the last sentence thereof), real estate held for rental or investment, interests in partnerships, commodities (as defined in section 475(e)(2)), cash or cash equivalents, or options or derivative contracts with respect to any of the foregoing.

(5) Related persons

(A) In general

A person shall be treated as related to another person if the relationship between such persons is described in section 267(b) or 707(b).

(B) Attribution of partner services

Any service described in paragraph (2) which is provided by a partner of a partnership shall be treated as also provided by such partnership.

(d) Exception for certain capital interests

(1) In general

In the case of any portion of an investment services partnership interest which is a qualified capital interest, all items of gain and loss (and any dividends) which are allocated to such qualified capital interest shall not be taken into account under subsection (a) if—

(A)

allocations of items are made by the partnership to such qualified capital interest in the same manner as such allocations are made to other qualified capital interests held by partners who do not provide any services described in subsection (c)(2) and who are not related to the partner holding the qualified capital interest, and

(B)

the allocations made to such other interests are significant compared to the allocations made to such qualified capital interest.

(2) Authority to provide exceptions to allocation requirements

To the extent provided by the Secretary in regulations or other guidance—

(A) Allocations to portion of qualified capital interest

Paragraph (1) may be applied separately with respect to a portion of a qualified capital interest.

(B) No or insignificant allocations to nonservice providers

In any case in which the requirements of paragraph (1)(B) are not satisfied, items of gain and loss (and any dividends) shall not be taken into account under subsection (a) to the extent that such items are properly allocable under such regulations or other guidance to qualified capital interests.

(C) Allocations to service providers’ qualified capital interests which are less than other allocations

Allocations shall not be treated as failing to meet the requirement of paragraph (1)(A) merely because the allocations to the qualified capital interest represent a lower return than the allocations made to the other qualified capital interests referred to in such paragraph.

(3) Special rule for changes in services and capital contributions

In the case of an interest in a partnership which was not an investment services partnership interest and which, by reason of a change in the services with respect to assets held (directly or indirectly) by the partnership or by reason of a change in the capital contributions to such partnership, becomes an investment services partnership interest, the qualified capital interest of the holder of such partnership interest immediately after such change shall not, for purposes of this subsection, be less than the fair market value of such interest (determined immediately before such change).

(4) Special rule for tiered partnerships

Except as otherwise provided by the Secretary, in the case of tiered partnerships, all items which are allocated in a manner which meets the requirements of paragraph (1) to qualified capital interests in a lower-tier partnership shall retain such character to the extent allocated on the basis of qualified capital interests in any upper-tier partnership.

(5) Exception for no-self-charged carry and management fee provisions

Except as otherwise provided by the Secretary, an interest shall not fail to be treated as satisfying the requirement of paragraph (1)(A) merely because the allocations made by the partnership to such interest do not reflect the cost of services described in subsection (c)(2) which are provided (directly or indirectly) to the partnership by the holder of such interest (or a related person).

(6) Special rule for dispositions

In the case of any investment services partnership interest any portion of which is a qualified capital interest, subsection (b) shall not apply to so much of any gain or loss as bears the same proportion to the entire amount of such gain or loss as—

(A)

the distributive share of gain or loss that would have been allocated to the qualified capital interest (consistent with the requirements of paragraph (1)) if the partnership had sold all of its assets at fair market value immediately before the disposition, bears to

(B)

the distributive share of gain or loss that would have been so allocated to the investment services partnership interest of which such qualified capital interest is a part.

(7) Qualified capital interest

For purposes of this section—

(A) In general

The term qualified capital interest means so much of a partner’s interest in the capital of the partnership as is attributable to—

(i)

the fair market value of any money or other property contributed to the partnership in exchange for such interest (determined without regard to section 752(a)),

(ii)

any amounts which have been included in gross income under section 83 with respect to the transfer of such interest, and

(iii)

the excess (if any) of—

(I)

any items of income and gain taken into account under section 702 with respect to such interest, over

(II)

any items of deduction and loss so taken into account.

(B) Adjustment to qualified capital interest

(i) Distributions and losses

The qualified capital interest shall be reduced by distributions from the partnership with respect to such interest and by the excess (if any) of the amount described in subparagraph (A)(iii)(II) over the amount described in subparagraph (A)(iii)(I).

(ii) Special rule for contributions of property

In the case of any contribution of property described in subparagraph (A)(i) with respect to which the fair market value of such property is not equal to the adjusted basis of such property immediately before such contribution, proper adjustments shall be made to the qualified capital interest to take into account such difference consistent with such regulations or other guidance as the Secretary may provide.

(C) Mergers, consolidations, etc., disregarded

No increase or decrease in the qualified capital interest of any partner shall result from a merger, consolidation, or division described in section 708, or any similar transaction.

(8) Treatment of certain loans

(A) Proceeds of partnership loans not treated as qualified capital interest of service providing partners

For purposes of this subsection, an investment services partnership interest shall not be treated as a qualified capital interest to the extent that such interest is acquired in connection with the proceeds of any loan or other advance made or guaranteed, directly or indirectly, by any other partner or the partnership (or any person related to any such other partner or the partnership). The preceding sentence shall not apply to the extent the loan or other advance is repaid before the date of the enactment of this section unless such repayment is made with the proceeds of a loan or other advance described in the preceding sentence.

(B) Reduction in allocations to qualified capital interests for loans from nonservice-providing partners to the partnership

For purposes of this subsection, any loan or other advance to the partnership made or guaranteed, directly or indirectly, by a partner not providing services described in subsection (c)(2) to the partnership (or any person related to such partner) shall be taken into account in determining the qualified capital interests of the partners in the partnership.

(9) Special rule for qualified family partnerships

(A) In general

In the case of any specified family partnership interest, paragraph (1)(A) shall be applied without regard to the phrase and who are not related to the partner holding the qualified capital interest.

(B) Specified family partnership interest

For purposes of this paragraph, the term specified family partnership interest means any investment services partnership interest if—

(i)

such interest is an interest in a qualified family partnership,

(ii)

such interest is held by a natural person or by a trust with respect to which each beneficiary is a grantor or a person whose relationship to the grantor is described in section 267(b)(1), and

(iii)

all other interests in such qualified family partnership with respect to which significant allocations are made (within the meaning of paragraph (1)(B) and in comparison to the allocations made to the interest described in clause (ii)) are held by persons who—

(I)

are related to the natural person or trust referred to in clause (ii), or

(II)

provide services described in subsection (c)(2).

(C) Qualified family partnership

For purposes of this paragraph, the term qualified family partnership means any partnership if—

(i)

all of the capital and profits interests of such partnership are held by—

(I)

specified family members,

(II)

any person closely related (within the meaning of subsection (c)(3)(C)(ii)) to a specified family member, or

(III)

any other person (not described in subclause (I) or (II)) if such interest is an investment services partnership interest with respect to such person, and

(ii)

such partnership does not hold itself out to the public as an investment advisor.

(D) Specified family members

For purposes of subparagraph (C), individuals shall be treated as specified family members if such individuals would be treated as one person under the rules of section 1361(c)(1) if the applicable date (within the meaning of subparagraph (B)(iii) thereof) were the latest of—

(i)

the date of the establishment of the partnership,

(ii)

the earliest date that the common ancestor holds a capital or profits interest in the partnership, or

(iii)

the date of the enactment of this section.

(e) Other income and gain in connection with investment management services

(1) In general

If—

(A)

a person performs (directly or indirectly) investment management services for any investment entity or special purpose acquisition company,

(B)

such person holds (directly or indirectly) a disqualified interest with respect to such entity or such company (as the case may be), and

(C)

the value of such interest (or payments thereunder) is substantially related to the amount of income or gain (whether or not realized) from the assets with respect to which the investment management services are performed,

any income or gain with respect to such interest shall be treated as ordinary income. Rules similar to the rules of subsections (a)(5) and (d) shall apply for purposes of this subsection.

(2) Definitions

For purposes of this subsection—

(A) Disqualified interest

(i) In general

The term disqualified interest means, with respect to any investment entity—

(I)

any interest in such entity other than indebtedness,

(II)

convertible or contingent debt of such entity,

(III)

any option or other right to acquire property described in subclause (I) or (II), and

(IV)

any derivative instrument entered into (directly or indirectly) with such entity or any investor in such entity.

(ii) Exceptions

Such term shall not include—

(I)

a partnership interest,

(II)

except as provided by the Secretary, any interest in a taxable corporation (other than a special purpose acquisition company), and

(III)

except as provided by the Secretary, stock in an S corporation.

(B) Taxable corporation

The term taxable corporation means—

(i)

a domestic C corporation, or

(ii)

a foreign corporation substantially all of the income of which is—

(I)

effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States, or

(II)

subject to a comprehensive foreign income tax (as defined in section 457A(d)(2)).

(C) Investment management services

The term investment management services means a substantial quantity of any of the services described in subsection (c)(2).

(D) Investment entity

The term investment entity means any entity which, if it were a partnership, would be an investment partnership.

(E) Special purpose acquisition company

The term special purpose acquisition company means any corporation that—

(i)

is formed for the purpose of acquiring a privately held company,

(ii)

is publicly traded on an established securities market or its interests are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof), and

(iii)

is required to report an acquisition under Item 2.01 or make a disclosure under Item 5.06 of Form 8-K (or any successor form) with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

(f) Exception for domestic C corporations

Except as otherwise provided by the Secretary, in the case of a domestic C corporation (other than a special purpose acquisition company, as defined in subsection (e)(2)(E))—

(1)

subsections (a) and (b) shall not apply to any item allocated to such corporation with respect to any investment services partnership interest (or to any gain or loss with respect to the disposition of such an interest), and

(2)

subsection (e) shall not apply.

(g) Regulations

The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations or other guidance as is necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section, including regulations or other guidance to—

(1)

require such reporting and recordkeeping by any person in such manner and at such time as the Secretary may prescribe for purposes of enabling the partnership to meet the requirements of section 6031 with respect to any item described in section 702(a)(9),

(2)

provide modifications to the application of this section (including treating related persons as not related to one another) to the extent such modification is consistent with the purposes of this section,

(3)

prevent the avoidance of the purposes of this section (including through the use of qualified family partnerships), and

(4)

coordinate this section with the other provisions of this title.

(h) Cross reference

For 40 percent penalty on certain underpayments due to the avoidance of this section, see section 6662.

(b) Application of section 751 to indirect dispositions of investment services partnership interests

(c) Treatment for purposes of section 7704

Subsection (d) of section 7704 is amended by adding at the end the following new paragraph:

(6) Income from certain carried interests not qualified

(A) In general

Specified carried interest income shall not be treated as qualifying income.

(B) Specified carried interest income

For purposes of this paragraph—

(i) In general

The term specified carried interest income means—

(I)

any item of income or gain allocated to an investment services partnership interest (as defined in section 710(c)) held by the partnership,

(II)

any gain on the disposition of an investment services partnership interest (as so defined) or a partnership interest to which (in the hands of the partnership) section 751 applies, and

(III)

any income or gain taken into account by the partnership under subsection (b)(4) or (e) of section 710.

(ii) Exception for qualified capital interests

A rule similar to the rule of section 710(d) shall apply for purposes of clause (i).

(C) Coordination with other provisions

Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any item described in paragraph (1)(E) (or so much of paragraph (1)(F) as relates to paragraph (1)(E)).

(D) Special rules for certain partnerships

(i) Certain partnerships owned by real estate investment trusts

Subparagraph (A) shall not apply in the case of a partnership which meets each of the following requirements:

(I)

Such partnership is treated as publicly traded under this section solely by reason of interests in such partnership being convertible into interests in a real estate investment trust which is publicly traded.

(II)

Fifty percent or more of the capital and profits interests of such partnership are owned, directly or indirectly, at all times during the taxable year by such real estate investment trust (determined with the application of section 267(c)).

(III)

Such partnership meets the requirements of paragraphs (2), (3), and (4) of section 856(c).

(ii) Certain partnerships owning other publicly traded partnerships

Subparagraph (A) shall not apply in the case of a partnership which meets each of the following requirements:

(I)

Substantially all of the assets of such partnership consist of interests in one or more publicly traded partnerships (determined without regard to subsection (b)(2)).

(II)

Substantially all of the income of such partnership is ordinary income or section 1231 gain (as defined in section 1231(a)(3)).

(E) Transitional rule

Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any taxable year of the partnership beginning before the date which is 10 years after the date of the enactment of this paragraph.

(d) Imposition of penalty on underpayments

(e) Income and loss from investment services partnership interests taken into account in determining net earnings from self-Employment

(f) Separate accounting by partner

Section 702(a) is amended by striking and at the end of paragraph (7), by striking the period at the end of paragraph (8) and inserting , and, and by inserting after paragraph (8) the following:

(9)

any amount treated as ordinary income or loss under subsection (a), (b), or (e) of section 710.

(g) Conforming amendments

(h) Effective date