Introduced in House — H.R. 5303

119th CONGRESS

1st Session

H. R. 5303

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

September 11, 2025

Mr. Smith of New Jersey (for himself, Mr. Suozzi, and Mr. Moolenaar) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and in addition to the Committees on the Judiciary, Financial Services, and Ways and Means, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned

A BILL

To encourage and support the Department of State’s diplomatic advocacy efforts on behalf of Gao Zhisheng and other political prisoners in the People’s Republic of China, including in Hong Kong, and globally.

Section 1. Short title

This Act may be cited as the Framework for Responding to Enforced Exile and Detentions through Oversight and Mobilizing Diplomatic Support Act or FREEDOM for Gao Zhisheng and All Political Prisoners Act.

Sec. 2. Findings

Congress finds the following:

(1)

Prominent human rights lawyer Gao Zhisheng disappeared in August 2017, reportedly into state custody, and has been subject to various forms of detention since 2006, including severe torture, for his work defending religious minorities and farmers facing land expropriations and for writing open letters condemning the persecution of Falun Gong practitioners and Christians.

(2)

In 2023, lawyer Ding Jiaxi and legal scholar Xu Zhiyong were sentenced to 12 and 14 years in prison, respectively, for subversion of state power in connection with their advocacy for constitutional reform. The United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention determined their detentions to be arbitrary.

(3)

Hong Kong authorities detained Jimmy Lai Chee-ying in August 2020 on the charges of conspiracy to fraud and collusion with a foreign country, an offense under the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (NSL). Lai is the founder of Apple Daily, a prodemocracy newspaper and his detention is believed to be part of a government effort to suppress free press and intimidate pro-democracy advocates.

(4)

Hong Kong barrister Tonyee Chow Hang-tung was sentenced in 2023 to 4.5 months in jail for defying the demands of the national security police for information on the disbanded civil society group commonly known as Hong Kong Alliance, which organized annual vigils to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Massacre. The recent sentence lengthened a 22-month prison term Chow received for organizing vigils in 2020 and 2021.

(5)

Falun Gong practitioner Xu Na was detained in 2020 along with 12 others and later given an 8-year sentence for allegedly sharing photos of Beijing street scenes during the COVID–19 pandemic with an overseas publication and for possession of Falun Gong materials at their homes. Xu previously served two prison sentences in connection with her practice of Falun Gong and in 2008 her husband Yu Zhou died in police custody.

(6)

Zhou Deyong was detained in 2021 in Shandong Province after police raided his home and confiscated Falun Gong materials that reportedly belonged to his wife, who was previously detained for her religious activities. Authorities reportedly prevented Zhou from meeting with his lawyer and failed to notify Zhou’s family members of his detention promptly, in violation of China’s Criminal Procedure Law. In 2023, Zhou was sentenced to eight years in prison for organizing and using a cult to undermine implementation of the law.

(7)

Niu Tengyu was detained in 2019 as part of a crackdown on users of the internet site EsuWiki, following the alleged publication of the personal information of relatives of Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping. Niu was held in residential surveillance at a designated location, during which time he was reportedly severely tortured. In late 2020, Niu received a 14-year prison sentence.

(8)

Yang Chih-yuan was detained in 2022 and accused of promoting Taiwan independence and engaging in separatist activities. In 2024, authorities sentenced Yang to nine years in prison. Yang’s alleged separatist activities took place between 2008 and 2020 while he was in Taiwan. He is the first Taiwanese national to be charged with separatism under Article 103 of the PRC Criminal Law.

(9)

Ruan Xiaohuan was detained in 2021 in connection with his social media account and his blog, where he provided anonymous guidance for circumventing government internet censorship and wrote political analysis critical of Chinese authorities, including coverage of the 1989 Tiananmen protests. He also separately documented high-ranking officials’ hidden wealth. He was sentenced in 2023 to seven years in prison for inciting subversion of state power.

(10)

Tibetan community leader Anya Sengdra was initially detained in 2018 in connection with his claims that local officials had misappropriated poverty alleviation funds meant for Tibetan nomads. In 2019 he was sentenced to 7 years in prison, accused by officials of disturbing public order for leading groups to discuss anti-corruption and environmental advocacy. Authorities delayed his expected September 2025 release from prison.

(11)

Artist Gao Zhen remains detained for insulting or slandering heroes and martyrs, reportedly in connection with his artwork, including art with the theme of reassessing Mao Zedong’s rule. Gao is a lawful permanent resident of the United States, and his seven-year-old son is an American citizen, who is prevented, via an exit ban from leaving China along with his mother.

(12)

Renagul Gheni, a Uyghur elementary school teacher, was detained in 2018 and later given a 17-year sentence reportedly for offering prayers at her father’s funeral and her possession of a Quran.

(13)

Uyghur ethnographer Rahile Dawut was reportedly sentenced to life in prison on a charge related to endangering state security. Friends and other observers suggested authorities may have detained her due to her efforts to preserve Uyghur culture and heritage, or her foreign connections. She formerly taught at Xinjiang University and is well regarded for her scholarly research on Uyghur cultural traditions.

(14)

Meryem Emet was detained in 2017 and later sentenced to 20 years in prison on an unknown charge reportedly related to her marriage to a Turkish national, and her having met and spoken with Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan during his 2012 visit to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.

(15)

Lobsang Trinle, a monk at Kirti Monastery in Sichuan Province, was detained by police in 2021 and sentenced to 5 years in prison reportedly for sharing the 14th Dalai Lama’s teachings and writings about the Dalai Lama with other Tibetans.

(16)

A Tibetan writer known by the pen name Sabuche, Thubten Lodroe was detained and later given a 4-year and 5-month sentence in 2021 reportedly for his writings on Tibetan society, politics, and language rights. He was reportedly subjected to abuse in prison, including forced labor, and in 2024 was hospitalized in serious condition.

(17)

Wang Yi, pastor of the unregistered Protestant Early Rain Covenant Church was detained in 2018 after drafting an open letter denouncing restrictions on religious freedom that was signed by over 400 other Chinese church leaders and he was later given a 9-year sentence for subversion of state power. The Early Rain church was forcibly closed as part of a broader crackdown on unregistered churches and places of worship in China.

(18)

Hao Zhiwei, a pastor at an unregistered Protestant church was arrested and in 2022 given an 8-year sentence because she refused to join the government-approved Protestant Three-Self Patriotic Movement or Chinese Christian Council.

(19)

Peng Lifa was detained shortly after he hung banners from Sitong Bridge in Beijing calling for the removal of Xi Jinping, calling for elections, and criticizing China’s harsh zero-COVID policy measures. Peng’s whereabouts and condition, or any potential charges against him, remain unknown.

(20)

Li Kangmeng was detained in connection with her participation in the white paper protests against harsh zero-COVID policy measures. Multiple reports assert that Li Kangmeng was the first to raise a sheet of white paper as a form of protest. The legal basis for Li’s detention and the location of her detention site are unknown.

(21)

Dong Yuyu was detained in 2022 while at lunch with a Japanese diplomat and placed in residential surveillance at a designated location and later charged with espionage. Dong Yuyu is a well-known journalist, who had worked for the New York Times and Chinese publications, and held academic fellowship at various universities in Japan and at Harvard University. His family has not been allowed to meet with him since his detention.

(22)

The number of political prisoners in the People’s Republic of China remains unknown, given active digital censorship and free speech restrictions.

(23)

The Political Prisoner Database of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China is a valuable source of information on political prisoners in the People’s Republic of China and currently contains 2,506 active cases of detention, referring to political and religious prisoners currently known or believed to be detained or imprisoned, or under coercive controls.

(24)

A bipartisan group of Congressional lawmakers’ nominated a group of political prisoners in the People’s Republic of China, including Hong Kong for the 2023 Nobel Peace Prize, including Hong Kong’s Jimmy Lai Chee-ying, Joshua Wong Chi-fung, Tonyee Chow Hang-tung, Gwyenth Ho Kwai.lam, and Lee Cheuk-yan, and mainland China’s Zhang Zhan, Peng Lifa, and Li Kangmeng. The nominations honored these ardent champions of peace, freedom and human rights and focus international advocacy on efforts for their release.

(25)

The Chairs of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China nominated Xu Zhiyong, Ding Jiaxi, Ilham Tohti, and Jimmy Lai for the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize.

(26)

The People’s Republic of China detains the family members of United States citizens and permanent residents in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, including Gulshan Abbas, Ekpar Aset, and the family members of former Radio Free Asia employees, and uses these detentions and other forms of intimidation and harassment to silence advocacy on behalf of their loved ones.

(27)

The People’s Republic of China detains more Americans than any other country.

(28)

Repressive governments around the world continue to detain an unknown number of individuals for their exercise of internationally recognized human rights, including in Cuba, Belarus, Hong Kong, Iran, Nicaragua, North Korea, Russia, Turkey, and Vietnam, among others. It is a global problem in need of a global response from the United States and its allies and partners.

Sec. 3. Statements of policy

(a) Use available diplomatic tools To seek the release of political prisoners

It is the policy of the United States to—

(1)

use all available diplomatic tools to press for the release of political prisoners, including by submitting prisoner lists at all appropriate bilateral meetings and raising individual cases of concern with foreign officials, because experience shows that consistently raising political prisoner cases can lead to improved treatment in detention, lighter sentences, and, in some cases, release from custody or imprisonment;

(2)

seek the release of unjustly detained or wrongfully detained Americans detained in the People’s Republic of China;

(3)

end the use of exit bans by the Government of the People’s Republic of China that are used to pressure United States citizens to get their relatives or associates to return to China to face criminal charges or to settle commercial disputes—such bans violate international norms, including Article 35 of the U.S.–China Consular Convention; and

(4)

use the voice and vote and influence of the United States at the United Nations and other multilateral organizations to—

(A)

highlight the cases of political prisoners worldwide;

(B)

document the human rights violations that lead to the arrest and imprisonment of political prisoners globally; and

(C)

support investigations by United Nations Human Rights Experts into the case of political prisoners, their treatment in detention, and harassment and surveillance of their family members while they are imprisoned.

(b) Hold government of the people’s republic of china officials responsible for arbitrary detention

It is the policy of the United States to consider individuals who are responsible for, complicit in, or directly engaged in the arbitrary detention or torture of Gao Zhisheng and other political prisoners—or the wrongful detention of United States citizens—as having committed gross violations of human rights. Such individuals may be held accountable through the application of sanctions as described in—

(1)

the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act (22 U.S.C. 10101 et seq.);

(2)

the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019 (Public Law 116–76);

(3)

the Hong Kong Autonomy Act (Public Law 116–149);

(4)

the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2020 (Public Law 116–145);

(5)

Executive Order No. 14078 of July 19, 2022, Bolstering Efforts to Bring Hostages and Wrongfully Detained United States Nationals Home;; and

(6)

other applicable sanctions authorities of the United States.

(c) Actively champion for the release of Gao Zhisheng

(1) In general

It is the policy of the United States—

(A)

to seek the release of human rights lawyer Gao Zhisheng; and

(B)

to hold accountable those officials of the People’s Republic of China who are responsible for Gao Zhisheng’s torture and arbitrary detention and seek to reunify him with his family who are United States citizens and residents.

(2) Additional policy statement

The United States is committed to—

(A)

vigorously advocating for Gao Zhisheng at the highest levels of government, including through diplomacy conducted by relevant bureaus and offices within the Department of State and other agencies across the United States Government;

(B)

ensuring sustained advocacy over time across bilateral and multilateral fora to secure Gao’s unconditional release, proof of life and whereabouts, access to legal counsel, communication with family—including relatives in the United States—and, if appropriate, humanitarian parole;

(C)

working in concert with United States allies and partners, including through mechanisms at the United Nations, to increase international pressure on the People’s Republic of China to release Gao Zhisheng and uphold his human rights;

(D)

seeking concrete responses from officials of the People’s Republic of China to United States and allied advocacy efforts, especially on matters related to Gao’s health, location, communication, and legal status;

(E)

employing all appropriate diplomatic, legal, and sanctions tools, including available human rights sanctions authorities, to hold accountable officials of the People’s Republic of China complicit in the human rights violations committed against Gao Zhisheng; and

(F)

maintaining transparency with Congress regarding past and ongoing advocacy efforts by submitting a timely report, in unclassified form (with a classified annex as needed), detailing such efforts, responses received, coordination with allies, and any use of sanctions authorities to promote justice in this case.

Sec. 4. Diplomatic strategy on political prisoner advocacy

(a) In general

Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State, or the Secretary’s designee, shall brief the appropriate congressional committees on a strategy to embed political prisoner advocacy into the critical mission plan of all United States Government agencies, diplomatic posts, and regional bureaus in the Department of State.

(b) Matters To be included

The strategy shall include the following matters:

(1)

Cases of concern involving individuals arbitrarily detained for exercising internationally recognized human rights.

(2)

Bilateral diplomatic efforts to secure the release of Gao Zhisheng and other political prisoners, including a record of cases raised and the relevant foreign government officials engaged.

(3)

Multilateral diplomatic efforts to advocate for the release of political prisoners, including engagement within the United Nations system and coordination of diplomatic advocacy and sanctions measures with allies and partners to maximize international pressure.

(4)

Details on efforts to secure the release of Jimmy Lai in Hong Kong.

(5)

Details on Department of State efforts to support human rights defenders, independent media, and the families of political prisoners and the resources needed to conduct such support.

(6)

Use of accountability tools, including the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act and other targeted measures, to hold government officials accountable for complicity in the arbitrary detention of political prisoners.

(7)

Public diplomacy efforts designed to frame advocacy for political prisoners as a United States national interest and to highlight human stories of political prisoners that evade censorship and other digital restrictions put in place by foreign governments to hide complicity in arbitrary detention, torture, and other gross violations of universally recognized human rights.

(8)

Progress on the preparation of a Global Prisoner Registry as required by section 5 of this Act.

(9)

An assessment of resource gaps or institutional deficiencies that adversely affect the Department of State’s ability to advocate effectively for political prisoners in the People’s Republic of China and globally.

(c) Form

The briefings required by subsection (a) shall be conducted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex if necessary to protect sources and methods used to acquire such information.

Sec. 5. Global Political Prisoner Registry

Section 873 of the Admiral James W. Nance and Meg Donovan Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 2000 and 2001 (Appendix G to Public Law 106–113; 113 Stat. 1501A–474) is amended—

(1)

in the section heading to read as follows: global political prisoner registry.;

(2)

in subsection (a)—

(A)

by striking in the People’s Republic of China and inserting held by foreign governments worldwide; and

(B)

by striking Prisoner Information Registry for the People’s Republic of China and inserting Global Political Prisoner Registry;

(3)

in subsection (b), by striking of prisoners in the People’s Republic of China and inserting of such prisoners;

(4)

in subsection (c), by striking regarding political prisoners in the People’s Republic of China and inserting regarding political prisoners and those detained for exercising the rights to the freedom of religion around the world; and

(5)

by adding at the end the following:

(d) Public access
To the extent practicable and consistent with the protection of sensitive information, the Secretary shall make information from the Global Political Prisoner Registry available for use in diplomatic advocacy by United States Government officials and Members of Congress.
(e) Definition
In this section, the term ‘political prisoner’ means an individual imprisoned or detained by a foreign government primarily for seeking to exercise internationally recognized human rights, including because of the individual’s political or religious beliefs, peaceful expression, or opposition to that government; and

Sec. 6. Political prisoner issue briefs

(a) In general

The Congressional-Executive Commission on China shall prepare and make available issue briefs to Members of Congress, upon request, to facilitate discussions of political prisoner cases and unjustly detained Americans with officials from the Government of the People’s Republic of China. Such issue briefs shall be available on the website of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, as appropriate, and subject to relevant privacy concerns.

(b) Authorization of appropriations

There is authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section for each fiscal years 2026 through 2029.

(c) Clarification

The issue briefs required by subsection (a) shall be in addition to and not replace the information required by section 108(d) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (22 U.S.C. 6417(d)).

Sec. 7. Appropriate congressional committees defined

In this Act, the term appropriate congressional committees means—

(1)

the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and

(2)

the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.