Introduced in Senate — S. 2984

119th CONGRESS

1st Session

S. 2984

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

October 8, 2025

Mr. Scott of South Carolina (for himself, Mr. Tuberville, Mr. Cramer, Mr. Barrasso, Mrs. Hyde-Smith, Mr. Crapo, Mr. Risch, Mr. Hoeven, and Mrs. Britt) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions

A BILL

To reform the labor laws of the United States, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

Section 1. Short title

This Act may be cited as the Employee Rights Act.

Sec. 2. Enhanced employee rights for lawful workers

Section 9(a) of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 159(a)) is amended by striking designated or selected for the purposes of collective bargaining and inserting , for the purposes of collective bargaining selected by secret ballot of employees in an election conducted by the Board,.

Sec. 3. Union voting for employees who do not have lawful status

(a) National Labor Relations Act

Section 9 of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 159) is amended by adding at the end the following:

(f)
Any employee who does not have lawful status under the immigration laws (as such term is defined in section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101)) shall not—
(1)
be eligible to vote in any election (including an election by a secret ballot) conducted by the Board under this section, and any vote cast by such an employee in any such election shall not be valid; or
(A)
be considered an employee for the purposes of any petition described in subsection (c) or (e).

(b) Labor Management Relations Act

Section 209(b) of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947 (29 U.S.C. 179(b)) is amended by adding at the end the following: Any such employee who does not have lawful status under the immigration laws (as such term is defined in section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101)) shall not be entitled to vote in any such secret ballot..

(c) Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act

Section 401 of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 (29 U.S.C. 481) is amended by adding at the end the following:

(j)
Any employee who does not have lawful status under the immigration laws (as such term is defined in section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101)) and who is a member of a labor organization shall not be entitled to vote in any election conducted by a labor organization under this section.

Sec. 4. Employee privacy

(a) Notice of rights and protections; voter registration lists

Section 8 of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 158) is amended by adding at the end the following:

(h)
(1)
Whenever the Board directs an election under section 9(c) or approves an election agreement, the employer of employees in the bargaining unit shall, after the Board directs such election or approves such election agreement, provide a voter list to a labor organization that has petitioned to represent such employees. Such voter list shall include the names of all employees in the bargaining unit and not more than one additional form of personal contact information for the employee (such as a telephone number, an email address, or a mailing address) chosen by the employee in writing. The voter list shall be provided in a searchable electronic format generally approved by the Board unless the employer certifies that the employer does not possess the capacity to produce the list in the required form. Not later than nine months after the date of enactment of the Employee Rights Act, the Board shall promulgate regulations implementing the requirements of this paragraph.
(2)
It shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer to violate any requirement under this subsection.

(b) Labor organization use of personal information

Section 8(b) of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 158(b)) is amended—

(1)

in paragraph (6), by striking and at the end;

(2)

in paragraph (7)(C), by striking services. and inserting services;;

(3)

in the matter following paragraph (7)—

(A)

by adjusting the margin two ems to the left; and

(B)

by striking Nothing in this paragraph and inserting Nothing in paragraph; and

(4)

by inserting after subparagraph (C) of paragraph (7), as so amended, the following:

(8)
to fail to protect the personal information of an employee received for an organizing drive, to use such information for any reason other than a representation proceeding, or to use such information after the conclusion of a representation proceeding;

(c) Right not To subsidize labor organization nonrepresentational activities

Title I of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 (29 U.S.C. 411 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following:

106. Right not to subsidize labor organization nonrepresentational activities
No employee’s labor organization dues, fees, assessments, or other contributions shall be used or contributed to any person, organization, or entity for any purpose not directly related to the labor organization’s collective bargaining or contract administration functions on behalf of the represented unit employee unless the employee member, or nonmember required to make such payments as a condition of employment, authorizes such expenditure in writing, after a notice period of not less than 35 days. An initial authorization provided by an employee under the preceding sentence shall expire not later than 1 year after the date on which such authorization is signed by the employee. There shall be no automatic renewal of an authorization under this section.

Sec. 5. Employment relationships

(a) Criteria for determining employee status

(1) Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

Section 3(e) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 203(e)) is amended—

(A)

by redesignating paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (5) as paragraphs (3), (4), (5), and (6), respectively;

(B)

in paragraph (1), by striking paragraphs (2), (3), and (4) and inserting paragraphs (3), (4), (5), and (6); and

(C)

by inserting after paragraph (1) the following:

(2)
(A)
An individual shall be determined to be an independent contractor rather than an employee of another person if—
(i)
such other person does not exercise significant control over the details of the way the work is performed by the individual, without regard to any control the other person may exercise over the final result of the work performed; and
(ii)
while performing such work, the individual has the opportunities and risks inherent with entrepreneurship, such as the discretion to exercise managerial skill, business acumen, or professional judgment.
(B)
The following factors may not be used in determining whether an individual is an employee of another person:
(i)
Whether such other person requires the individual to comply with legal, statutory, or regulatory requirements.
(ii)
Whether such other person requires the individual to comply with health and safety standards that are more stringent than otherwise applicable health and safety standards.
(iii)
Whether such other person requires the individual to carry insurance of any kind.
(iv)
Whether such other person requires the individual to meet contractually agreed-upon performance standards, such as deadlines.

(2) National Labor Relations Act

Section 2(3) of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 152(3)) is amended—

(A)

by striking (3) The term employee shall and inserting the following:

(3)
(A)
The term employee shall; and

(B)

by adding at the end the following:

(B)
The standard applied in section 3(e)(2) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 203(e)(2)) shall be used in determining whether an individual is an independent contractor or an employee of another person under this Act, except that, in applying such standard to this Act, any reference to the term employee in such section 3(e)(2) shall have the meaning given such term under this paragraph.

(b) Criteria for determining joint employer status

(1) National Labor Relations Act

Section 2(2) of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 152(2)) is amended—

(A)

by striking The term employer and inserting (A) The term employer; and

(B)

by adding at the end the following:

(B)
An employer may be considered a joint employer of the employees of another employer only if each employer directly, actually, and immediately, and not in a limited and routine manner, exercises significant control over the essential terms and conditions of employment of the employees of the other employer, such as hiring such employees, discharging such employees, determining the rate of pay and benefits of such employees, supervising such employees on a day-to-day basis, assigning such employees a work schedule, position, or task, or disciplining such employees.

(2) Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

Section 3(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 203(d)) is amended—

(A)

by striking Employer includes and inserting (1) Employer includes; and

(B)

by adding at the end the following:

(2)
An employer may be considered a joint employer of the employees of another employer for purposes of this Act only if each employer meets the criteria set forth in section 2(2)(B) of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 152(2)(B)) except that, for purposes of determining joint-employer status under this Act, the terms employee and employer referenced in such section shall have the meanings given such terms in this section.

(c) Provision of technical assistance

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (29 U.S.C. 201 et seq.), the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 151 et seq.), or any other Federal law, none of the following may be construed, alone or in combination with any other factor, as establishing an employer and employee relationship between a franchisor (or any employee of the franchisor) and a franchisee (or any employee of the franchisee):

(1)

The franchisor (or any employee of the franchisor) provides the franchisee (or any employee of the franchisee) with, or requires such franchisee (or any employee of the franchisee) to use, a handbook, or other training, on sexual harassment, human trafficking, workplace violence, discrimination, or opportunities for apprenticeships or scholarships.

(2)

The franchisor (or any employee of the franchisor) requires the franchisee (or any employee of the franchisee) to adopt a policy on sexual harassment, human trafficking, workplace violence, discrimination, opportunities for apprenticeships or scholarships, child care, or paid leave, including a requirement for such franchisee (or any employee of the franchisee) to report to the franchisor (or any employee of the franchisor) any violations or suspected violations of such policy.

Sec. 6. Tribal sovereignty

Section 2 of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 152), as amended by section 5, is further amended—

(1)

in paragraph (2), by inserting or any Indian Tribe, or any enterprise or institution owned and operated by an Indian Tribe and located on its Indian lands, after subdivision thereof,; and

(2)

by adding at the end the following:

(15)
The term Indian Tribe means any Indian Tribe, band, nation, pueblo, or other organized group or community which is recognized as eligible for the special programs and services provided by the United States to Indians because of their status as Indians.
(16)
The term Indian means any individual who is a member of an Indian Tribe.
(17)
The term Indian lands means—
(A)
all lands within the limits of any Indian reservation;
(B)
any lands title to which is either held in trust by the United States for the benefit of any Indian Tribe or Indian or held by any Indian Tribe or Indian subject to restriction by the United States against alienation; and
(C)
any lands in the State of Oklahoma that are within the boundaries of a former reservation (as defined by the Secretary of the Interior) of a Federally recognized Indian Tribe.

Sec. 7. Independent negotiating

(a) Unfair labor practices

Section 8 of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 158), as amended by section 4, is further amended—

(1)

in subsection (a)(3)—

(A)

by striking or (B) and inserting (B); and

(B)

by striking membership; and inserting membership, or (C) if, in a covered State, the employee has ceased to be a member of a labor organization or pay an exclusive representative; and

(2)

in subsection (b), by inserting after paragraph (8) the following:

(9)
in a covered State, to represent or bargain on behalf of employees who have ceased to be a member of a labor organization or pay an exclusive representative;
(10)
in a covered State, to interfere with employees who have ceased to be a member of a labor organization or pay an exclusive representative engaged in independent negotiating;
(11)
in a covered State, to restrain or coerce employees who have ceased to be a member of a labor organization or pay an exclusive representative from engaging in independent negotiating; and

(b) Exclusion of workers engaged in independent negotiating from representation

Section 9(a) of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 159(a)), as amended by section 2, is further amended—

(1)

by inserting (other than any employee who has elected to engage in independent negotiating) after all the employees;

(2)

by inserting , in a State or Territory that is not a covered State, before any individual; and

(3)

by striking such adjustment. and inserting such adjustment: Provided further, That, in a covered State, an individual employee shall engage in independent negotiating with their employer if such employee has ceased to be a member of a labor organization or pay an exclusive representative..

(c) Independent negotiating and covered State defined

Section 2 of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 152), as amended by section 6, is further amended by adding at the end the following:

(18)
The term independent negotiating means, in a unit that is located in a covered State and is represented by a labor organization or other exclusive representative for the purposes of collective bargaining, negotiating between an employer and an individual employee as though such employee were not in such a unit and without regard to the existence of a collective-bargaining contract or agreement.
(19)
The term covered State means a State or Territory which prohibits the execution or application of agreements requiring membership in, or payment to, a labor organization as a condition of employment.

Sec. 8. Diversity, equity, or inclusion

Section 8(b) of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 158(b)), as amended by section 7(a), is further amended by inserting after paragraph (11) the following:

(12)
to include any provision in a collective bargaining agreement that mandates or promotes diversity, equity, or inclusion initiatives, including preferences, mandates, policies, programs, activities, or guidance related to personal characteristics of an individual that are not related to the qualifications or performance required for a job, unless such initiatives are required by Federal, State, or local law.

Sec. 9. Freedom from union violence act

Section 1951 of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows:

1951. Interference with commerce by threats or violence
(a) Definitions
For purposes of this section—
(1)
the term commerce means any—
(A)
commerce within the District of Columbia, or any territory or possession of the United States;
(B)
commerce between any point in a State, territory, possession, or the District of Columbia and any point outside thereof;
(C)
commerce between points within the same State through any place outside that State; and
(D)
other commerce over which the United States has jurisdiction;
(2)
the term extortion means the obtaining of property from any person, with the consent of that person, if that consent is induced—
(A)
by actual or threatened use of force or violence, or fear thereof;
(B)
by wrongful use of fear not involving force or violence; or
(C)
under color of official right;
(3)
the term labor dispute has the meaning given that term in section 2(9) of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 152(9)); and
(4)
the term robbery means the unlawful taking or obtaining of personal property from the person or in the presence of another, against his or her will, by means of actual or threatened force or violence, or fear of injury, immediate or future—
(A)
to his or her person or property, or property in his or her custody or possession; or
(B)
to the person or property of a relative or member of his or her family, or of anyone in his or her company at the time of the taking or obtaining.
(b) Prohibition
Except as provided in subsection (c), whoever in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or affects commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce, by robbery or extortion, or attempts or conspires so to do, or commits or threatens physical violence to any person or property in furtherance of a plan or purpose to do anything in violation of this section, shall be fined not more than $100,000, imprisoned for a term of not more than 20 years, or both.
(c) Exempted conduct
(1) In general
Subsection (b) does not apply to any conduct that—
(A)
is incidental to otherwise peaceful picketing during the course of a labor dispute;
(B)
consists solely of minor bodily injury, or minor damage to property, or threat or fear of such minor injury or damage; and
(C)
is not part of a pattern of violent conduct or of coordinated violent activity.
(2) State and local jurisdiction
Any violation of this section that involves any conduct described in paragraph (1) shall be subject to prosecution only by the appropriate State and local authorities.
(d) Effect on other law
Nothing in this section shall be construed—
(1)
to repeal, amend, or otherwise affect—
(A)
section 6 of the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. 17);
(B)
section 20 of the Clayton Act (29 U.S.C. 52);
(C)
any provision of the Norris-LaGuardia Act (29 U.S.C. 101 et seq.);
(D)
any provision of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 151 et seq.); or
(E)
any provision of the Railway Labor Act (45 U.S.C. 151 et seq.); or
(2)
to preclude Federal jurisdiction over any violation of this section, on the basis that the conduct at issue—
(A)
is also a violation of State or local law; or
(B)
occurred during the course of a labor dispute or in pursuit of a legitimate business or labor objective.

Sec. 10. Unlawful harassment

Section 8(a)(3) of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 158(a)(3)) is amended by adding after Provided, the following: That nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent an employer from taking action to protect employees from discriminatory, harassing, or demeaning language or conduct, including during organizing campaigns or strikes: Provided further,.