February 12, 2026
Mr. Luján (for himself, Mr. Merkley, Ms. Rosen, Mrs. Gillibrand, and Mr. Heinrich) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
To prohibit retail food stores from price gouging and engaging in surveillance-based price setting practices, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
Section 1. Short title
This Act may be cited as the Stop Price Gouging in Grocery Stores Act of 2026
.
Sec. 2. Prohibition on price gouging
(a) Prohibition
An operator of a retail food store may not sell or offer for sale an item at a grossly excessive price.
(b) Affirmative defense
An operator of a retail food store does not sell or offer for sale an item at a grossly excessive price in violation of subsection (a) if the retail food store demonstrates to the Commission that the increase in the price of the item involved is directly attributable to additional costs that are—
(1)
not within the control of the retail food store; and
(2)
incurred by the retail food store in procuring, acquiring, distributing, or providing the item.
(c) Required guidance
Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Commission shall promulgate, pursuant to section 553 of title 5, United States Code, regulations with respect to violations of subsection (a) that shall include guidelines on what constitutes (for purposes of this Act)—
(1)
a market;
(2)
a grossly excessive price for an item; and
(3)
an excessive price for an item.
(d) Definition of grossly excessive price
(1) In general
For purposes of subsection (a) and the guidelines required by subsection (c), the Commission shall define the term grossly excessive price using any metric it deems appropriate.
(2) Definition considerations
In formulating the definition described in paragraph (1), the Commission shall consider whether to provide that such term shall include a price for an item that is an amount equal to or greater than 120 percent (or a lesser percentage, as determined appropriate by the Commission) of the average price for such item in the market during the 6-month period preceding the sale or offer for sale that allegedly violates subsection (a).
Sec. 3. Prohibition on surveillance-based price setting
(a) Prohibition
An operator of a retail food store may not engage in surveillance-based price setting, including by—
(1)
adjusting the price of any item for a consumer (directly or indirectly) based on the personal information of the consumer, including such personal information collected using facial recognition technology; or
(2)
using an electronic shelf label to change the price of an item for a consumer based on the personal information of such consumer.
(b) General exceptions
An operator of a retail food store does not engage in surveillance-based price setting in violation of subsection (a) if the retail food store demonstrates to the Commission that each of the following conditions are met:
(1)
A difference in the price of an item is based solely on reasonable costs associated with providing the item to different consumers.
(2)
A discounted price of an item is offered to members of a particular group that relates to occupation, age, military service, student status, or other factors approved by the Commission, based on publicly disclosed eligibility criteria.
(3)
Any discount or reward with respect to an item is offered uniformly to all consumers who meet the disclosed eligibility criteria.
(4)
Any personal information is used solely to offer or administer the discount or reward and is not used for any other purpose, including targeted advertising and surveillance-based price setting.
(c) Exceptions for use of biometric data
Notwithstanding subsection (a), an operator of a retail food store may use biometric data of an adult consumer if such consumer chooses to voluntarily verify the identity of such consumer by providing such biometric data, if such retail food store—
(1)
informs the consumer or the legally authorized representative of the consumer in writing that such biometric data is being collected, stored, or used by such retail food store;
(2)
informs the consumer or the legally authorized representative of the consumer in writing of the specific purpose and length of term for which such biometric data is being collected, stored, and used;
(3)
informs the consumer or the legally authorized representative of the consumer in writing of the specific circumstances under which biometric data is shared with law enforcement;
(4)
receives a written release executed by the consumer or the legally authorized representative of the consumer for the collection, storage, or use of such biometric data; and
(5)
does not sell such biometric data to, or share such biometric data with, any third party.
Sec. 4. Required disclosure of use of facial recognition technology
(a) Requirement
A retail food store that uses facial recognition technology at such retail food store shall notify consumers of such retail food store, in plain and simple language, about such use and the intended purpose of such technology and use through clear and conspicuous signage placed at the main entrance to the retail food store.
(b) Limitation
For purposes of this section, the term retail food store does not include an online entity.
Sec. 5. Prohibition on electronic shelf labels
(a) Prohibition
An operator of a retail food store larger than 10,000 square feet—
(1)
may not use an electronic shelf label or any digital shelf display technology in such retail food store; and
(2)
shall use a non-digital presentation of the price of each item in such retail food store.
(b) Rule of construction
Nothing in this section may be construed to prohibit a retail food store from providing a consumer, based on the purchase history of such consumer, a discounted or promotional price in accordance with the conditions described in section 3(b).
(c) Limitation
For purposes of this section, the term retail food store does not include an online entity.
Sec. 6. Enforcement
(a) Enforcement by Federal Trade Commission
(1) Unfair or deceptive acts or practices
A violation of section 2(a), 3(a), 4(a), or 5(a) (or a regulation promulgated under such section) shall be treated as a violation of a rule defining an unfair or deceptive act or practice prescribed under section 18(a)(1)(B) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 57a(a)(1)(B)) and as a violation of section 5(a) of such Act (15 U.S.C. 45(a)) regarding unfair methods of competition.
(2) Powers of Commission
The Commission shall enforce section 2(a), 3(a), 4(a), and 5(a) (and any regulations promulgated under such sections) in the same manner, by the same means, and with the same jurisdiction, powers, and duties as though all applicable terms and provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) were incorporated into and made a part of this Act. Any retail food store that violates such sections (or any regulations promulgated under such sections) shall be subject to the penalties and entitled to the privileges and immunities provided in the Federal Trade Commission Act.
(3) Authority preserved
Nothing in this Act shall be construed to limit the authority of the Commission under any other provision of law.
(4) Regulations
The Commission may promulgate, pursuant to section 553 of title 5, United States Code, any regulations the Commission determines necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act.
(b) Actions by States
(1) In general
In any case in which the attorney general of a State, or an official or agency of a State, has reason to believe that an interest of the residents of such State has been or is threatened or adversely affected by an act or practice in violation of section 2(a), 3(a), 4(a), or 5(a) (or a regulation promulgated under such section), the State, as parens patriae, may bring a civil action on behalf of the residents of the State in an appropriate State court or an appropriate district court of the United States to—
(A)
enjoin such act or practice;
(B)
enforce compliance with such section (or such regulation);
(C)
obtain, for each such violation, the greater of—
(i)
the actual monetary damages incurred from the violation; or
(ii)
$3,000; or
(D)
obtain any restitution, penalties, and other legal or equitable relief as the court may deem just and proper.
(2) Rule of construction
Nothing in this subsection may be construed to prevent an attorney general, official, or agency of a State from exercising the powers conferred on the attorney general, official, or agency by the laws of the State to conduct investigations, to administer oaths or affirmations, or to compel the attendance of witnesses or the production of documentary or other evidence.
(c) Private right of action
(1) In general
A consumer injured by an act or practice in violation of section 2(a), 3(a), 4(a), or 5(a) (or a regulation promulgated under such section) may bring in an appropriate district court of the United States an action to—
(A)
enjoin the violation;
(B)
subject to paragraph (2), obtain, for each such violation, the greater of—
(i)
the actual monetary damages incurred from the violation; or
(ii)
$3,000; or
(C)
obtain any restitution, penalties, and other legal or equitable relief as the court may deem just and proper.
(2) Willful or knowing violations
If the court finds that the defendant acted willfully or knowingly in committing a violation described in paragraph (1), the court shall increase the amount of the award to an amount that is 3 times the amount available under paragraph (1)(B).
(3) Costs and attorney’s fees
The court shall award to a prevailing plaintiff in an action under this subsection the costs of such action and reasonable attorney’s fees, as determined by the court.
(4) Limitation
An action may be commenced under this subsection not later than 5 years after the date on which a consumer first discovered or had a reasonable opportunity to discover the violation.
(5) Nonexclusive remedy
The remedy provided by this subsection shall be in addition to any other remedies available to the consumer.
(6) Invalidity of pre-dispute arbitration and joint action waivers
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a pre-dispute arbitration agreement or pre-dispute joint action waiver between a retail food store and a consumer shall not be valid or enforceable for purposes of this subsection.
Sec. 7. Preemption of directly conflicting State laws
(a) In general
Nothing in this Act may be construed to preempt, displace, or supplant any State law, except to the extent that a provision of State law conflicts with a provision of this Act, and then only to the extent of the conflict.
(b) Greater protection under State law
For purposes of this section, a provision of State law does not conflict with a provision of this Act if such provision of State law provides additional protections to consumers protected under this Act with respect to price gouging, surveillance-based price setting, collecting personal information, or using facial recognition technology in retail food stores.
Sec. 8. Authorization of appropriations
There is authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year 2026 $5,000,000 (to remain available until September 30, 2032) to carry out this Act.
Sec. 9. Definitions
In this Act:
(1) Biometric data
The term biometric data means data generated by automatic measurements, including data gathered through the use of facial recognition technology, or other representations of the biological characteristics of a consumer, including—
(A)
fingerprints;
(B)
voice prints;
(C)
iris or retina scans;
(D)
gait; and
(E)
other unique biological patterns.
(2) Commission
The term Commission means the Federal Trade Commission.
(3) Electronic shelf label
The term electronic shelf label means electronic and wireless paper (E-paper) displays or digital price tags that present product and pricing information.
(4) Electronic surveillance technology
The term electronic surveillance technology means a technological method, system, or other tool of surveillance used to observe, monitor, or collect information related to an consumer, including sensors, cameras, device tracking, biometric monitoring, facial recognition technology, or other forms of observation or data collection that are capable of gathering personal information about a consumer.
(5) Facial recognition technology
The term facial recognition technology means technology that facilitates or otherwise enables an automated or semi-automated process that—
(A)
assists in identifying a consumer based on the physical characteristics of the face of such consumer; or
(B)
logs characteristics of the face, head, or body of a consumer to infer the emotion, associations, activities, or location of such consumer.
(6) Item
The term item means a specific and distinct product, good, or commodity available for sale.
(7) Non-digital presentation of price
The term non-digital presentation of price means—
(A)
a sign that offers the unit price for 1 or more brands or sizes of a given item;
(B)
a sticker, stamp, sign, label, or tag affixed to the shelf upon which the item is displayed; or
(C)
a sticker, stamp, sign, label, or tag affixed to the item.
(8) Personal information
The term personal information means any quality, feature, attribute, or trait of a consumer that is reasonably capable of being associated with, or could be reasonably linked to, directly or indirectly, a particular consumer or a household of a particular consumer, including—
(A)
any immutable characteristic, including race, ethnicity, and eye color;
(B)
any mutable characteristic, including address, weight, citizenship, and family or parental status;
(C)
identifiers, including a real name, alias, postal address, unique personal identifier, online identifier, Internet Protocol address, email address, account name, social security number, driver’s license number, passport number, and other similar identifiers;
(D)
commercial information, including records of personal property, products or services purchased, obtained, or considered, and other purchasing or consuming histories or tendencies;
(E)
biometric data;
(F)
internet or other electronic network activity information, including browsing history, search history, and other information regarding interaction by such consumer with a website, application, or advertisement;
(G)
geolocation data;
(H)
audio, electronic, visual, thermal, olfactory, and other similar information;
(I)
professional or employment-related information;
(J)
educational information, including educational experience, qualifications, and affiliations;
(K)
inferences drawn from any of the information described in this paragraph and used to create a profile about such consumer reflecting the preferences, characteristics, psychological trends, predispositions, behavior, attitudes, intelligence, abilities, and aptitudes of such consumer;
(L)
interests, including the political, personal, and professional affiliation of such consumer;
(M)
financial circumstances, including personal or household wealth, income, property, debt, and credit history; and
(N)
actions, habits, behaviors, and attributes of such consumer, whether in a physical or digital environment.
(9) Pre-dispute arbitration agreement
The term pre-dispute arbitration agreement means any agreement to arbitrate a dispute that has not yet arisen at the time of the making of the agreement.
(10) Pre-dispute joint action waiver
The term pre-dispute joint action waiver means an agreement, including as part of a pre-dispute arbitration agreement, that would prohibit, or waive the right of, a party to the agreement from participating in a joint, class, or collective action in a judicial, arbitral, administrative, or other forum, concerning a dispute that has not yet arisen at the time of the making of the agreement.
(11) Price
The term price means the amount charged to a consumer in relation to a transaction, including any related cost, fee, and other material term of the transaction that has a direct bearing on the amount paid by the consumer for the item sold or offered for sale to the consumer.
(12) Retail food store
The term retail food store has the same meaning given the term in section 3 of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 (7 U.S.C. 2012).
(13) Surveillance-based price setting
The term surveillance-based price setting means offering, setting, or informing a customized price for an item for a specific consumer or group of consumers, based, in whole or in part, on personal information collected through electronic surveillance technology, including such information gathered, purchased, or otherwise acquired.