(1)

The United States is comprised of individuals from diverse ethnic, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds.

(2)

Throughout the history of the United States, a common thread binding citizens of differing backgrounds has been the English language.

(3)

Among the powers reserved to the States respectively is the power to establish the English language as the official language of the respective States, and otherwise to promote the English language within the respective States, subject to the prohibitions enumerated in the Constitution of the United States and in laws of the respective States.

(a) In general

Title 4, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:

6 Official language

161. Official language of the United States

The official language of the United States is English.

162. Preserving and enhancing the role of the official language

Representatives of the Federal Government shall have an affirmative obligation to preserve and enhance the role of English as the official language of the Federal Government. Such obligation shall include encouraging greater opportunities for individuals to learn the English language.

163. Official functions of Government to be conducted in English

(a) Scope

For the purposes of this section—

(1)

the term official refers to any function that—

(A)

binds the Government;

(B)

is required by law; or

(C)

is otherwise subject to scrutiny by either the press or the public; and

(2)

the term United States means the several States and the District of Columbia.

(b) Official functions

The official functions of the Government of the United States shall be conducted in English.

(c) Practical effect

This section—

(1)

shall apply to all laws, public proceedings, regulations, publications, orders, actions, programs, and policies; and

(2)

shall not apply to—

(A)

teaching of languages;

(B)

requirements under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (20 U.S.C. 1400 et seq.);

(C)

actions, documents, or policies necessary for national security, international relations, trade, tourism, or commerce;

(D)

actions or documents that protect the public health and safety;

(E)

actions or documents that facilitate the activities of the Bureau of the Census in compiling any census of population;

(F)

actions that protect the rights of victims of crimes or criminal defendants; or

(G)

using terms of art or phrases from languages other than English.

164. Uniform English language rule for naturalization

(a) Uniform language testing standard

All citizens of the United States should be able to read and understand generally the English language text of the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, and the laws of the United States made in pursuance of the Constitution of the United States.

(b) Ceremonies

All naturalization ceremonies shall be conducted in English.

165. Rules of construction

Nothing in this chapter shall be construed—

(1)

to prohibit a Member of Congress or any officer or agent of the Federal Government, while performing official functions under section 163, from communicating unofficially through any medium with another person in a language other than English (as long as official functions are performed in English);

(2)

to limit the preservation or use of Native Alaskan or Native American languages (as defined in the Native American Languages Act (25 U.S.C. 2901 et seq.));

(3)

to disparage any language or to discourage any person from learning or using a language; or

(4)

to be inconsistent with the Constitution of the United States.

166. Standing

A person injured by a violation of this chapter may in a civil action (including an action under chapter 151 of title 28) obtain appropriate relief.

(b) Clerical amendment

The table of chapters at the beginning of title 4, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item relating to chapter 5 the following:

(a) In general

Chapter 1 of title 1, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:

9. General rules of construction for laws of the United States

(a)

English language requirements and workplace policies, whether in the public or private sector, shall be presumptively consistent with the laws of the United States.

(b)

Any ambiguity in the English language text of the laws of the United States shall be resolved, in accordance with the last two articles of the Bill of Rights, not to deny or disparage rights retained by the people, and to reserve powers to the States respectively, or to the people.

(b) Clerical amendment

The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 1 of title 1, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 8 the following:

(1)

all citizens of the United States should be able to read and understand generally the English language text of the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, and the laws of the United States which are made in pursuance thereof; and

(2)

any exceptions to the standard described in paragraph (1) should be limited to extraordinary circumstances.